7 Ideas to Make Some Extra Cash in a Student Way!

Lack of ready cash is and has always been one of the most obvious problems students encounter in everyday life. Even if your parents are helping you out, or if you feel there is little to no time left to do any work after you deal with your studies, there are still ways to make a few extra bucks to make things a bit easier. 1. Sell Things You Don’t Need Be honest with yourself: you have a lot of things in your dorm and back home that you don’t use, don’t need and most likely will never touch again except when moving them around looking for something actually useful but lost under all this stuff. So, you may kill two birds with one stone: declutter your life and get some extra cash. Just head out to Craigslist or eBay, and you can do it without any fuss. 2.  Freelance Freelancing is easier today than ever – you can work and earn money whenever you have free time without leaving your room. So, if you are good with words, have some graphic design skills, know a foreign language, know your way around video or photo editing or have any sellable skills at all, feel free to try your luck at places like Upwork. 3. Get a Job on Campus Why look elsewhere when a job may await you right where you are? Many colleges have bulletin boards detailing job offers specifically tailored to suit students, especially in terms of flexible schedules, like tutoring. Not the most exciting way to earn money, but it will get a few extra bucks into your wallet and some entries into your resume. 4.  Sell Body Parts The first four Google autofill results for â€Å"I want to sell my† are â€Å"hair†, â€Å"eggs†, â€Å"blood† and â€Å"kidney†. Although you should probably draw a line at kidneys, there’re other body parts you can readily part with. There is a huge demand for blood, plasma, sperm and hair – most of which can be donated repeatedly for a regular boost to your earnings. 5.  Help out Other Students There are always students who need money less than you – why not take it from them by assisting them in their studies? We don’t suggest that you should write papers for others, but proofreading and editing them, compiling study guides and tutoring your fellow students for a reasonable price is completely alright. 6.  Become an Intern If you are lucky enough to find a paid internship, you will do much more than simply find a source of income – you will get some experience in the industry you are going to join and an entry in your resume. 7.  Become a Study Subject If you college carries out a lot of research you are certain to encounter opportunities to take part in studies, be they medical, psychological, sociological or any other. If you are not so lucky, try out corporate studies – they also may be a source of income. As you may see, if you are ingenious enough there are a lot of ways to earn some extra money without wasting a great deal of time – and we wish you luck in doing so!

Every Individual Has Goals Whether It Be Personal Or Career

Every individual has goals whether it be personal or career goals. Often people would say that the success in their life is the most important goal than any other things. They always pursue such their goal, and to some degree, I have to agree with the reason why people pursue such their goal. However, I think that my most important goal is quite far from such goal which ordinary people pursue. I said that because recently I had to evaluate myself on what I really wanted to accomplish and why? Then I realized that my most important goal is attaining my Master degree. I know am on the right path to carry out my goal on becoming a better teacher and education coordinator. I plan to achieve this goal through academics and work experience. I†¦show more content†¦In the following, I will attempt to touch on all of these issues and also spend some time discussing such topics as educational reform and mainstreaming in the classroom. First, I should focus on what philosophies I will adhere to as an educator. At best, I can describe my philosophy as a combination of the well-established, almost timeless philosophies of idealism and realism. The idealist in me views discipline the same as do other idealists. Handling student misbehavior and misconduct is a personal issue that I will handle with the student privately. Only after several of these attempts fail or the misconduct is so severe will I involve a third party such as parents or administrators. Another similarity I have with the idealist point of view is their passion for teaching. Looking at things from a different point of view, I identify very much with the realist philosophy in terms of the sharing and gaining of knowledge. Essentially, I want to challenge my students as learners and at the same time stress precision and accuracy in my classroom. Before changing gears completely, I would like to focus some attention on some of my personal philosophies and thoughts on education. First, students need nurturing and reinforcement to learn. Additionally, they need excitement and a range of activities to make learning exciting and enjoyable. Also, they need real applications of their knowledge to convince them to continue their educationalShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Organizational Behavior : An Organization977 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of Organizational Behavior In today’s business world, every business incorporates employees and every employee has their own motivational values. A successful and efficient manager understands the relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and performance and has developed a strategy to enhance each one of these organizational performances. These factors can determine the success or failure of an individual, as well as an organization as a whole. 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Digital Fortress Chapter 39 Free Essays

Room 301. Rocio Eva Granada stood naked in front of the bathroom mirror. This was the moment she’d been dreading all day. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 39 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The German was on the bed waiting for her. He was the biggest man she’d ever been with. Reluctantly, she took an ice cube from the water bucket and rubbed it across her nipples. They quickly hardened. This was her gift-to make men feel wanted. It’s what kept them coming back. She ran her hands across her supple, well-tanned body and hoped it would survive another four or five more years until she had enough to retire. Senor Roldan took most of her pay, but without him she knew she’d be with the rest of the hookers picking up drunks in Triana. These men at least had money. They never beat her, and they were easy to satisfy. She slipped into her lingerie, took a deep breath, and opened the bathroom door. As Rocio stepped into the room, the German’s eyes bulged. She was wearing a black negligee. Her chestnut skin radiated in the soft light, and her nipples stood at attention beneath the lacy fabric. â€Å"Komm doch hierher,† he said eagerly, shedding his robe and rolling onto his back. Rocio forced a smile and approached the bed. She gazed down at the enormous German. She chuckled in relief. The organ between his legs was tiny. He grabbed at her and impatiently ripped off her negligee. His fat fingers groped at every inch of her body. She fell on top of him and moaned and writhed in false ecstasy. As he rolled her over and climbed on top of her, she thought she would be crushed. She gasped and choked against his puttylike neck. She prayed he would be quick. â€Å"Si! Si!† she gasped in between thrusts. She dug her fingernails into his backside to encourage him. Random thoughts cascaded through her mind-faces of the countless men she’d satisfied, ceilings she’d stared at for hours in the dark, dreams of having children†¦ Suddenly, without warning, the German’s body arched, stiffened, and almost immediately collapsed on top of her. That’s all? she thought, surprised and relieved. She tried to slide out from under him. â€Å"Darling,† she whispered huskily. â€Å"Let me get on top.† But the man did not move. She reached up and pushed at his massive shoulders. â€Å"Darling, I†¦ I can’t breathe!† She began feeling faint. She felt her ribs cracking. â€Å"?Despiertate!† Her fingers instinctively started pulling at his matted hair. Wake up! It was then that she felt the warm sticky liquid. It was matted in his hair-flowing onto her cheeks, into her mouth. It was salty. She twisted wildly beneath him. Above her, a strange shaft of light illuminated the German’s contorted face. The bullet hole in his temple was gushing blood all over her. She tried to scream, but there was no air left in her lungs. He was crushing her. Delirious, she clawed toward the shaft of light coming from the doorway. She saw a hand. A gun with a silencer. A flash of light. And then nothing. How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 39, Essay examples

Still Life free essay sample

Every person I have ever photographed has had their own vision of what a portrait should be. When they come to have their portrait taken, they expect me to say, â€Å"Stand up straight† and â€Å"Tuck in your shirt.† It would be considered unprofessional if I didn’t tell them to tilt their head one degree or to shift their hands by half an inch. People expect that; they want to be told what to do and how to act. They want me to show them how to be perfect. I remember the portraits my family would take every year. My father, a professional photographer, would drape his studio in black fabric that blocked the outside light, the streets below, and the world. He would set up soft white reflectors and bright lights to drive the shadows from our faces, taking away our depth, our imperfections, our character. My brother and I would stand like soldiers at attention, our shoulders touching, knees locked. We will write a custom essay sample on Still Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He would pinch me and step on my toes until I demanded he stopped. My mother would hover, whispering to hush. My dad would stand back and look at us, making little measurements, calculating how much to move each of us. We wouldn’t dare move a muscle. The shutter would click and the camera with its monstrous black hood would capture us on celluloid. We would take the portrait once, twice, 40 times until it met my father’s standards. His insistence on perfection was legendary. It was what drove me away from photography. When I finally found my way to a camera, it was by sheer coincidence. I was searching through a closet and found my dad’s first camera, a Nikon F2 35mm from the 1960s. I wandered out onto the streets of Manhattan, overflowing with passersby, and realized why I had never sought out the camera before. The only type of photography I knew was to force people to stand in stuffy rooms while they pretended to be happy. That wasn’t photography. Camera in hand, I captured the graying, wrinkled men in the park enjoying one last happiness: chess matches played with the strategy of army generals. I unloaded frame after frame of a bespectacled college student begging for bus money to make his way home. People walked by, consumed by their life, unaware of the kid capturing the most sincere moments they will never recognize. I still have those negatives. The film is grainy, overexposed, anything but perfect. Nowadays, I can unload a hundred rolls and every single one is perfectly exposed, without a scratch or mark. They’ll never be as meaningful as those first frames that opened my eyes to the world that I was letting pass me by. That black and white film has come to represent me, imperfectly perfect. Photography is about capturing a moment as honestly as possible. My photos are portraits of imperfection. â€Å"Tell me your story,† I say to my subjects. I want to hear their pain, their happiness. They get so caught up in telling me what has changed them, what has inspired them, they don’t even notice the camera. If people don’t know they are being photographed, they are vulnerable. Their flaws are on display, and they are so much more beautiful for it.

The Effect of Ecosystem Management free essay sample

People use adaptive management strategies to affect the factors that control soil biological communities. Soil biological activity is determined by factors at three different levels. When using Microscopes Factors the types and activity level of the soil organism would be affected; these factors may vary over short distances in the soil. Considering each factor is impacted by climate, soil texture, time of day season, and management practices including tillage, crop rotation, and irrigation. The diversity and functioning of a soil biological community are likely to improve when these strategies are used. Management plans should consider both the timing of management practices and disturbances, and the duration and degree of their effects on soil biology. The effects of management and disturbances vary by season, and the capacity of the soil community to recover from a particular practice or disturbance ranges widely. One reason people think of different things when they hear ecosystem management is because people mean different things when they use the term ecosystem management. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ecosystem Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These different meanings present differences in their interests. Ecosystem management is defined as being an approach to natural resource management which aims to sustain ecosystems to meet both ecological and human needs in the future but this isn’t where the debate comes into place. The argument arrives when you take account of the effect it has on the nutrient cycle (Glossary Ecosystem Management). Ecosystem management is not just about science nor is it simply an extension of traditional resource management; it offers a fundamental reframing of how humans may work with nature (PDF). We will need to define what an ecosystem is. An Ecosystem is a community[1] and its abiotic environment. This idea is similar to the habitat except that it refers to where a group of interacting populations live instead of where a single species lives (e. g. forest, ocean, or pond) (TEXT BOOK CITE). Characterization of ecosystems in terms of structure involves a study of the numbers and kinds of organisms present and their spatial relationships: it also requires knowledge of the amounts of various inorganic substances in the system and how these are distributed among its component parts. Ecosystem Management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore natural resources while meeting the socio economic, political and cultural needs of current and future generations (Brussard Peter F). There are two main types of Ecosystem Management, adaptive management[2] and strategic management[3] (Pahl-Wostl). Stakeholders, individuals or groups of people who are affected by environmental decisions and actions (Reed, M. S), use adaptive management strategies to affect the factors that control soil biological communities. Soil biological activity is determined by factors at three different levels. When using Microscopes Factors the types and activity level of the soil organism would be affected; these factors may vary over short distances in the soil. Considering each factor is impacted by climate, soil texture, time of day season, and management practices including tillage, crop rotation, and irrigation. Soil is the outer most layer of out planet, a regenerative living system, a place where energy and matter are transported and transformed, and it is an ecosystem (Soil Ecology. ). Soil is a natural resource and a growing ecosystem of plants and animals which play an important role in the soil. When soil as a natural resource is affected so is the entire soil ecosystem. Recourse is defined as directly acting components of environment. They include all the â€Å"things† that promote or organize a healthy metabolism (Andrewartha, H. G. ). Soil organism occurs in a confusing group of habitats. Development of ecosystem involves the phenomenon of ecological succession, which is an orderly process of community change that result from modification of the physical environment by organism, and culminates in the system attaining a steady state or climax (Richards, Bryant N). Ecology is the scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is all of the organisms in a given place in interaction with their nonliving environment. All ecosystems derive their energy from beyond their boundaries (Richards, Bryant N). The soil is a growing ecosystem of plants and animals which play an important role in the soil. When looking at soil as an ecosystem everything has to be taken in account. The minerals and organic matter fractions of the soil are apart of the abiotic environment of most terrestrial[4] ecosystems. Soil constitutes a subsystem of a large system. There are subsystems in the soil which get their energy from inorganic compounds. The environmental portion of the ecosystem has several recognizable components. There is the mineral fraction[5] , soil organic matter[6] , soil water[7], and the soil atmosphere[8]. Soil organisms play an important role in forming and stabilizing soil structure. In a healthy soil ecosystem, fungal filaments and exudates from microbes and earthworms help bind soil particles together into stable aggregates that improve water infiltration, nd protect soil from erosion, crusting, and compaction. Macrospores formed by earthworms and other burrowing creatures facilitate the movement of water into and through soil. Good soil structure enhances root development, which further improves the soil. Organic matter, Soil organic matter (SOM), though usually comprising less than five person of a soil’s weight, is one of the most important components of ecosystems . SOM strongly modifies soil organism habitat and provides a food source for much of the soil biota (â€Å"Soil Ecology. ). In a healthy soil ecosystem, soil biota regulates the flow and storage of nutrients in many ways. For example, they decompose plant and animal residue, fix atmospheric nitrogen, transform nitrogen and other nutrients among various organic and inorganic forms, release plant available forms of nutrients, mobilize phosphorus, and form mycorrhizal (fungus-root) relations for nutrient exchange. Even applied fertilizers may pass through soil organisms before being utilized by crops. Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources. The goal of managing the soil biological community is to improve biological functions, including the forming and stabilizing soil structure, cycling nutrients, controlling pests and disease, and degrading or detoxifying contaminants. The question is if that is good or bad for the ecosystem. Research shows that management practices and disturbances impact soil biological functions because they can enhance or degrade the microbial habitat, add to or remove from food resources, and or directly add or kill soil organism. It can be observed that for every pro of land management, ecosystem management. When looking at the food web it may unbalance what happens with who should and should survive. A healthy soil ecosystem has a diverse soil food web that keeps pest organisms in check through competition and predation. Some soil organisms release compounds that enhance plant growth or reduce disease susceptibility. Plants may exude specific substances that attract beneficial organisms or repel harmful ones, especially when they are under stress, such as grazing. A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. The process is regulated by food web pathways that decompose matter into mineral nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems. Ecosystems recycle locally, converting mineral nutrients into the production of biomass, and on a larger scale they participate in a global system of inputs and outputs where matter is exchanged and transported through a larger system of biogeochemical cycles. Nutrient cycle is often used in direct reference to the idea of an intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions as a unit (Nutrient Cycling. ). Four general strategies are managing organic matter, manage for diversity, keep the ground service, and manage disturbance. They are sub categories of adaptive ecosystem management. In manage organic matter regular inputs of organic matter are essential for supplying the energy that drives the soil food web. Each source of organic matter favors a different mix of organisms. Next in manage for diversity the diversity of plant assemblages across the land scape and over time promotes a variety of microbial habitats and soil organisms. Up to a point, soil biological function generally improves when the complexity or diversity of the soil biological community increases. Third with keep the ground covered, keeping the ground covered at or near the surface moderates soil temperature and moisture; provides food and habitat for fungi, bacteria, and arthropods; and prevents the destruction of microbial habitat by erosion. Minimize the length of time each year that soil is bare by maintaining a cover of living plants, biological crusts, or plant residue at the surface. Living plants are especially important as cover because they create the rhizosphere[9]—that area within one or two millimeters of living roots where soil biological activity is concentrated. Last manage disturbances, Some soil perturbations[10] are a normal part of soil processes, or are a necessary part of agriculture and other land uses. A variety of sources may support a variety of organisms. The location of the organic matter—whether at the surface, mixed into the soil, or as roots—also affects the type of organisms that dominate in the food web. Many types of diversity should be considered, such as diversity of land uses (buffers, forest, row crops, grazing land), plant types (perennial, annual, woody, grassy, broadleaf, legume, etc. ), root structures (tap, fibrous, etc. ), and soil pore sizes. Diversity is desirable over time as well as across the landscape. Land managers can increase diversity with appropriate grazing management, patchy or selective tree harvest (in contrast to broad clear-cutting), vegetated fencerows, buffer strips, strip cropping, and small fields. These landscape features provide refuges for beneficial arthropods. Diversity over time can be achieved with crop rotations. Rotated crops put a different food source into the soil each year, encouraging a wide variety of organisms and preventing the build-up of a single pest species. Microbes around roots take advantage of plant exudates and sloughed-off root cells. Maintaining a rhizosphere environment is one of the important benefits of using cover crops. In addition to preserving microbial habitat, cover crops help build and maintain populations and diversity of arthropods by preserving their habitat for an extended portion of the growing season. ome disturbances significantly impact soil biology and can be minimized to reduce their negative effects. These disturbances include compaction, erosion, soil displacement, tillage, catastrophic fires, certain pesticide applications, and excessive pesticide usage. Under any land use, organic matter inputs to the soil can be increased by improving plant productivity and increasing annual biomass productio n. In particular, good root growth is important for building soil organic matter.

Earnings Managment and The Matrix Format

Earnings Managment and The Matrix Format Free Online Research Papers QUESTION 1 Ann: What is your understanding of earnings management? Tanya: Healy and Wahlen (1999), explained that, Earnings Management occurs when managers use judgement in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of a company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers. Earnings management typically involves false increases/decreases of profit and revenue figures through aggressive accounting tactics. As profit is not very volatile due to earnings management we can look to accruals; the more accruals a company has, the more likely they are to be managing earnings. It can be quiet easy for management to find loopholes in the standards to enable them to manipulate earnings to the desired level. Managers would practice such behaviour to benefit themselves for example, a personal bonus scheme or even to follow market expectations. There are four main ways managers can manage earnings 1) Unsuitable revenue recognition 2) Inappropriate accruals and estimates of liabilities 3) Excessive provisions and generous reserve accounting 4) Intentional minor breaches of financial reporting requirements that aggregate to a material breach. For example managers can estimate future economic events such as choosing LIFO instead of weighted average. Ultimately, earnings managements misinform stakeholders about the fundamental economic performance of the firm. QUESTION 2 Ann: Do you think available-for-sale investments can be used for earnings management? Tanya: Available-for-sale investments could potentially be used for earnings management. Firstly, the firm could involve themselves in selective timing. Meaning that they could sell the asset when in a period of high profit so the unrealised losses will become realised and profit will only decrease a little. The firm may also show a lack of effort to determine fair value, thereby increasing investments. Finally another point to be noted would be the risk of improper accounting for impairment losses (Sullu, M 2006). QUESTION 3: Ann: Do you think any other items in TVC’s financial report could be used for the purpose of earnings management? Tanya: I believe items relating to Foreign currency and held-for-trading investments to be two other items which could potentially be used for earnings management. Selective timing of these two items allows managers to manipulate the figures on the companies’ financial statements by either selling in periods of high profit or visa versa. QUESTION 4: A) Ann: What are available-for-sale investments reported as? Tanya: Available-for-sale investments are reported as their Fair Value. I found this from Note (1B) Investments, from the financial statements. B) Ann: What profit/loss is reported for the year from available-for-sale investments in the profit statement? Tanya: A profit of $15 millions was reported. C) Ann: How much profit/loss is reported for the year from available-for-sale investments in total income and expense for the year? Tanya: A loss of $35 million was reported in this instance. D) Ann: How do you think those figures will impact on the current and future profits? Tanya: Profit for the current year will be $15 million extra, however if the company chooses to sell the available-for-sale investments then the unrealised losses will be realised and profit will decline by $15 million. E) Ann: What was the amount of available-for-sale investments last year then? Tanya: Last years figure was $45 million for available-for-sale investments. QUESTION 5 Ann: Do you think the firm’s executives have engaged in earnings managements? Tanya: I believe the firm could have engaged in earnings management but it is quiet hard to determine from the information given. It is hard to gauge when available-for-sale investments were sold, and in not knowing this decide if the firm engaged in earnings management. We would also need to look at such information as other accruals, when revenue was recognised and check both provision and reserves to see if managers may have had the chance to manage earnings. QUESTION 6 Ann: What do you think about David’s comment that performance should be based on change in equity or profit? Or do you think it should be some other measure? Tanya: I believe that performance should be based on both equity and profit. It is important to look at both statements as they give users a variety of different information. The equity statement holds most of the information stakeholders would need to make informed decisions. However one can see the profit figure is used to derive the end figure for changes in equity, so it would help stakeholders to see how the company came up with the final profit figure. The more information provided helps with the transparency issue so many companies face. PART B QUESTION 1 Ann: (Distributes Exhibit 4) What is your understanding of the reconciliation? Tanya: The reconciliation helps us see values that were not included in the income statement before, however these figures have come from changes in equity. In addition to this, we can see that a total of $62 million was profit from the companies current operations, their core product, being manufacturing. However on closer inspection of the reconciliation we can see that total income recognized in equity was $172 million. This figure indicates that $110 million of profit was not to do with their core product (manufacturing), but secondary income, such as foreign currency. Ann: Do you think it’s important for TVC to disclose this? Tanya: Yes, I think the firm should disclose such reconciliation. As I mention previously it breaks total income up into two sections, letting stakeholders see how much of the actual profit was from core operations and how much of the total income recognized in equity was from secondary sources. QUESTION 2 Ann: (Distributes Exhibit 6) Do the figures change using the matrix format income statement compared to Part A question 4? Tanya: A) Is still reported at fair value same as before. B) Has changed to a loss of $35 million reported in profit. C) Has remained the same at $35 million loss reported in total income and expense. D) Current and future profits will both change using the matrix format. A loss of $35 million will be recorded for the current year, and depending on whether the company sells available-for-sale investments the future year could also see a loss of $35 million. E) Remains unchanged at $45 million also. Overall Ann, I found it easier to find the figures in the matrix format rather that looking through different pages to try and find the figures in Part A. However I find it interesting and unusual that question B differs between the two formats. QUESTION 3 Ann: I don’t really know anything about the matrix format, what is it about? Tanya: The matrix format combines data from the IAS 1 income statement and statement of changes in equity into one statement. It allows users to see items before and after remeasurements by having three columns, 1) Items before remeasurements 2) Items after remeasurements 3) A final column being the totals of the previous two. If a company were to report their income statement in a matrix format it would provide for a more accurate format. This is because items become more transparent. Firstly because all information regarding to income now appears on one page, this includes both realized and unrealized. Secondly because of the structure of the matrix format remeasurement is now easier to find (Tarca, A et al 2007). Ann: Oh, ok, well who would benefit most if we changed to this approach? Tanya: It would benefit stakeholders most, as mentioned previously it’s easier to read and decipher between realized and unrealized items. External users will now be able to be quicker and more accurate at finding information in the statements (Tarca, A et al 2007). Ann: Should the matrix format replace the old system? Tanya: no I don’t think it should completely replace the old system, I just think it should be a supplement for IAS 1 financial reports. QUESTION 4 Ann: hmmm, I see what you mean, but I’m still not too sure about the matrix format. Tanya: So you are still a little confused on the matrix format then? Well I know its made the financial data simpler to read for you but I think the problem you’re faced with is whether or not it’s helping you in your primary decision of offering PB a new contract. I think the matrix format lets us see more clearly the possibility of earnings management. We can gauge more closely what’s happening with available-for-sale investments and other potential items. I think the matrix format has helped make things a little more transparent but not 100% in confirming what you should do about the PB, I think to make that decision we still need more information. 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The In-Vivo and In-Vitro Effects of Sildenafil (Viagra) on Oocyte and Literature review

The In-Vivo and In-Vitro Effects of Sildenafil (Viagra) on Oocyte and Embryo Development - Literature review Example .. 7 1.2.1 Physiology of Fertilization and Implantation Process †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 1.2.2 Physiology of Ovarian Function and Reproductive System .†¦ 12 1.3 Ways on How Secretion of Ovary Controls the Reproduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 1.4 Historical Development, Chemical Composition, and Mechanism of Action .......................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Historical Development of Sildenafil Citrate ............................ 18 1.4.2 Chemical Composition of Sildenafil Citrate ............................. 20 1.4.3 Mechanism of Action ................................................................ 22 1.5 Sildenafil Citrate and Ovarian Response †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦.. 24 1.5.1 Possible Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on Female Reproduction . 24 1.5.1.1 Treating Female Sexual Arousal Disorder †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 1.5.1.2 Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on the Endometrium Lining †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 1.5.1.3 Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on Oocyte †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 1.5.1.4 Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on the Embryonic Development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 29 1.6 Purpose and Rationale behind the Purpose of this Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 31 1.7 Research Hypothesis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 1.8 Overall Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 1.8.1 Specific Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 - 43 Chapter I – Introduction 1.1 Infertility Problems in Women... 12). It means that infertility happens when a couple failed to conceive after they had unprotected intercourse for a time span of 12 months. In general, infertility is classified as either primary or secondary infertility. Primary infertility means that the couple had never conceived a child despite their willingness to get the wife pregnant whereas secondary infertility happen when the couple is having difficulty getting pregnant after a pregnancy or having at least one child or more (NHS, 2012; Camacho, Gharib and Sizemore, 2007, p. 138; Inhorn and van Balen, 2002, p. 12). Boivin et al. (2007) revealed that roughly 80 million couples around the world are having difficulty conceiving a child. In UK, the NHS reported that around 3.5 million individuals or one out of six couples are facing problems related to infertility (NHS, 2012). There are quite a lot of factors that can lead to infertility. Based on the study that was conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), these factor s were identified as: female reproductive disorders (38%), biological abnormalities in men and women (27%), male reproductive disorder (20%), subfertility (10-15%), and unknown causes (15%) (Kretser, 1997). The term â€Å"idiopathic† means that there is no specific known cause for a given disorder (Falcone, 2006, p. 58). Therefore, idiopathic amenorrhoea means that there is an unknown cause behind the absence of menstruation. Although problems related to infertility may not cause serious threat on the physical health of a couple, it will always remain a fact that their inability to conceive a child may trigger serious harm on their social and mental well-being. Among